বিভাগ/বিষয় নিরপেক্ষ

সুপারিশকৃত লিন্ক: মার্চ ২০১৯

আজকের লিন্ক

মুক্তাঙ্গন-এ উপরোক্ত শিরোনামের নিয়মিত এই সিরিজটিতে থাকছে দেশী বিদেশী পত্রপত্রিকা, ব্লগ ও গবেষণাপত্র থেকে পাঠক সুপারিশকৃত ওয়েবলিন্কের তালিকা। কী ধরণের বিষয়বস্তুর উপর লিন্ক সুপারিশ করা যাবে তার কোনো নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম, মানদণ্ড বা সময়কাল নেই। পুরো ইন্টারনেট থেকে যা কিছু গুরত্বপূর্ণ, জরুরি, মজার বা আগ্রহোদ্দীপক মনে করবেন পাঠকরা, তা-ই তাঁরা মন্তব্য আকারে উল্লেখ করতে পারেন এখানে।
ধন্যবাদ।

আজকের লিন্ক

এখানে থাকছে দেশী বিদেশী পত্রপত্রিকা, ব্লগ ও গবেষণাপত্র থেকে পাঠক সুপারিশকৃত ওয়েবলিন্কের তালিকা। পুরো ইন্টারনেট থেকে যা কিছু গুরত্বপূর্ণ, জরুরি, মজার বা আগ্রহোদ্দীপক মনে করবেন পাঠকরা, তা-ই সুপারিশ করুন এখানে। ধন্যবাদ।

১৬ comments

  1. মাসুদ করিম - ১ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৭:৪২ অপরাহ্ণ)

    Israelis may have committed crimes against humanity in Gaza rotests, U.N. says

    United Nations investigators said on Thursday that Israeli troops may have committed crimes against humanity in shooting unarmed civilians — including children — who posed no threat during the mass protests last year at the border with Gaza.

    A commission of inquiry, formed by the United Nations Human Rights Council to look into the violence, reported that Israeli security forces had killed 189 Palestinians and injured more than 9,000 others. Its 25-page report, released in Geneva on Thursday, accused the Israeli authorities of showing little willingness to prosecute anyone responsible.

    “The Israeli security forces killed and maimed Palestinian demonstrators who did not pose an imminent threat of death or serious injury to others when they were shot, nor were they directly participating in hostilities,” the panel wrote. “Less lethal alternatives remained available and substantial defenses were in place, rendering the use of lethal force neither necessary nor proportionate, and therefore impermissible.”

    The Israeli Foreign Ministry, in a statement, blamed Hamas, the militant group that governs Gaza, for the violence and dismissed the United Nations report as a product of bias, “written by three individuals that lack any understanding in security matters.”

    “Hamas exploits the civilians in Gaza as human shields for terrorists,” the Israeli ministry said. “Israel has responded with restrained action taken only in defense of our civilian population.”

    The Gaza demonstrations drew tens of thousands of people on Fridays, beginning on March 30 last year, to spots along the fence that separates Israel from the Gaza Strip.

    Palestinians sought an end to the economic blockade that has been choking off Gaza for more than a decade. They also wanted refugees and their descendants to be allowed to reclaim property in Israel, 70 years after thousands of Palestinians were displaced.

    Some demonstrators attempted to storm the fence and to open crossings the Israelis had sealed. Others rolled burning tires toward the fence, pulled away razor wire, released flaming kites or threw rocks at Israeli security forces. But most protesters — including many of the people hit by Israeli gunfire — were hundreds of yards from the fence.

    The Israeli government insisted that Hamas intended for the demonstrations to provoke violent clashes, and warned repeatedly that it would defend the border with force.

    From the outset, Israel objected to the United Nations inquiry, calling it an example of the Human Rights Council’s bias, and refused to allow the three-person panel to visit Israel or Gaza. Egypt initially agreed to let the investigators into Gaza, but later declined on grounds of security.

    Without access to the area, the commission drew on 325 interviews and more than 8,000 documents, including affidavits and medical reports, as well as photographs and video and drone footage. Along with its report, it released a video compilation showing some of the shootings.

    It concluded that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli snipers had deliberately shot at journalists, health workers, children and people with disabilities.

    Of the 189 Palestinians killed, investigators said, 183 were shot with live ammunition, including 35 children, three health workers and two journalists.

    It reported 6,106 people wounded by live ammunition, including 940 children, 39 health workers and 39 journalists. In addition, 3,098 people were injured by bullet fragments or other shrapnel, or were struck directly by tear gas canisters or rubber bullets.

    The panel found that four Israelis were wounded in the clashes, and none were killed.

    “There can be no justification for killing and injuring journalists, medics and persons who pose no imminent threat of death or serious injury to those around them,” Sara Hossain, a member of the panel, said in a statement, adding that she was particularly alarmed by “the targeting of children and persons with disabilities.”

    Such violations could be prosecuted in Israeli or international courts, but Ms. Hossein said that the panel was aware of criminal investigations by the Israeli government into only five deaths.

    The panel’s report called on Israel to investigate “every protest-related killing and injury in accordance with international standards” to determine whether war crimes or crimes against humanity had been committed.

    The group recommended that the United Nations high commissioner for human rights maintain “dossiers on alleged perpetrators, to be provided to national and international justice mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court,” and it called for international sanctions against those people.

  2. মাসুদ করিম - ২ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৯:৫৪ অপরাহ্ণ)

    The road from the brink

    For India and Pakistan, the bigger challenge is to re-imagine a win-win narrative

    One military episode cannot, by itself, decisively change the trajectory of one of modern history’s longest-running conflicts. But, as both sides — India and Pakistan — signal temporary de-escalation, it might be worth revisiting the historical and psychological dynamics that constitute the present moment.
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    The settlement of 1947, developments within Pakistan and the trajectory of geopolitics has produced a state of Pakistan with dual insecurity. The state has a problematic relationship to Islam that gives radical groups more state patronage than is healthy for Pakistan. The army requires perpetually feeding a sense of insecurity, inventing threats where there are none. Pakistan is internally diverse and complex, but its political currents don’t make much of a dent on these structural realities of the state. Pakistan’s internal dynamics and its identity are still the most important drivers of this story.

    The great powers have consistently had a stake in the Pakistani state. Americans could not call the bluff of the Pakistani state, militarising the society to an unprecedented degree. Now, the Chinese see it as an indispensable asset. Saudi Arabia has close links with Pakistan. These realities are not going to change soon. There is enough international exasperation with Pakistan that India might have an opportunity for a diplomatic win or two (blacklisting a couple of organisations). But for the international community to truly put pressure on Pakistan, it will have to call its bluff on Afghanistan, China will have to bring its strategic asset to heel, and Saudi pressure will have to go beyond avoiding catastrophic conflict with India. This is still a tall order.

    The consequences of military action against Pakistan are uncertain at best. Gains that accrue in the short term are nullified by simply shifting the conflict to another site. The 1971 victory produced a state that was more Islamist and insecure than ever; and, neither Kargil nor Uri produced immunity from terrorist attacks. The simple truth is that military strikes may be fully effective only if they seriously hit elite interests in the other country. But this is a level of escalation that is hard to imagine. The supply of potential terrorists and the absorptive capacity to take damage to non-elite assets is not as low as we assume. In the short run, war might even embolden them. The human cost of the US’s conventional war on terrorism was devastating and the world is still not immune from terrorist threats. The issue is not simply of whether you can undertake a conventional war under a nuclear umbrella. There are of course, unconscionably high risks there. But, the issue is also whether conventional military means can help you secure objectives against terrorism. There is reason to doubt this. It is not war, but India’s internal resilience that has frustrated Pakistan.

    Military action is effective if it concentrates the international community’s attention. The international community has been complacent on Pakistan because they could count on India’s good behaviour. India’s stature grew. But it also could be taken for granted. What the military strikes could possibly do is re-engage the international community. But this is a double-edged sword, unless the international community really makes Pakistan’s elites pay a price. It is not clear that the engagement of the international community will breach the limits on Saudi and Chinese support for Pakistan mentioned above. Whether we acknowledge it or not, the subtle re-hyphenation will, over time, begin. India should, of course, engage all parties. But the only short term winners in this round in international stature are the Saudis; they seem to be emerging as the indispensable state in the international system. The ideological consequences of this need to be watched.

    India’s domestic imperatives are also double-edged. This government, in particular, seeks domestic validation by taking a hard line. This government also uses nationalism as a narcotic. It wants to induce a sense of crisis that makes people rally around a strong leader. This government also totally lost the plot in Kashmir. In some ways, the Pulwama attack was probably designed to give fillip to communal forces in India, and it mildly succeeded. The Indian public is also rightly exasperated with Pakistan. But these tendencies are countered by one fact. As A B Vajpayee had sagaciously understood, democracies like India have a low threshold for military casualties. Despite the nauseating dominance of Twitter and TV warriors, Indians will not be casual about the loss of military lives, especially when strategic objectives are not clear. The sense that India’s triumphant narrative lost steam since Wing Commander Abhinandan was captured is testimony to that. This is not weakness. It is humanity. So the government is now caught between two imperatives: Its pressing electoral needs (its top leaders have made it a political issue) to present a triumphant, muscular narrative on the one hand, and, the recognition that the risks of something going wrong are very high, on the other hand. Hopefully, it will find an artful way of declaring victory and move on. This will be tricky because it, in the short run, lost the narrative of war, after inflating expectations of what escalation can achieve.

    Pakistan, for its part, really does need to ask the question: Are characters like Masood Azhar, and groups like Lashkar and Jaish, serving its national interests? Pakistan’s obduracy on this issue has all the classic symptoms of spite, as described by the philosopher Robert Solomon. In acting out of spite “one acts for itself, but it acts against one’s interest.” It is more comforting for Pakistan to play victim at the hands of its own creations than to face an adversary, or look at itself in the mirror. Imran Khan’s test is whether he can take Pakistan out of its own victim syndrome.

    So, despite the de-escalation we are locked in a position where we can neither endure our situation nor the means to overcome it. War is at best an expression of exasperation, not a solution; at worst, it is cynical politics. Revenge is psychologically satiating, but self-destructive: Just look at Pakistan. In the short run, we hope diplomacy works. But the underlying challenge remains: Finding a win-win narrative that can help deal with the treacherous psychological complexes that have so scarred South Asia. The Manmohan-Musharraf formula was one sensible and practical proposal on the table — a win for all parties including Kashmir. But, more deeply, the long struggle, for converting South Asia into a zone of exuberant freedom, rather than a contest between pinched up identities, has to continue. The cost of war and militarisation will not just be economic, it will be a warping of our souls, which will forever diminish our possibilities.

  3. মাসুদ করিম - ৩ মার্চ ২০১৯ (১১:৪৮ পূর্বাহ্ণ)

    A journey by plane that I will never forget

    Kazi Masihur Rahman, ex-MD and CEO of the Mercantile Bank Ltd, uploaded this post on his Facebook page to share what he saw, experienced and perceived in Sunday’s attempted ‘plane hijack’ drama among his friends and families. This is the first eyewitness account available since the incident. He witnessed it all up-close, sitting on the front row. The Daily Star last night talked to Masihur, now in Dubai, and sought his permission to run his unedited account as it may give readers an idea about what actually happened inside the Bangladesh Biman plane.

    On February 23, 2019, I officially turned 65. According to the rules of Bangladesh Bank, it was time to say goodbye to my career as a professional banker. My friends, family and colleagues congratulated me on a job well done, and encouraged me to look forward to some well-deserved rest and relaxation. Little did I know that the first day of my retirement would turn out be one of the most harrowing days of my entire life.

    Lily and I had planned to visit her sisters in Dubai immediately after my retirement. Once I lived and worked In Dubai for a long time. It would allow us to reconnect with loved ones and give me some time to think about what I wanted to do next.

    So, on the afternoon of February 24, we boarded BG147 from Dhaka to Dubai via Chittagong. We hadn’t flown with the national carrier on international flights in over a decade, but, hearing stories of how much it had improved in the past few years, we decided we’d give their Business Class a try. Lily and I were sat in the window and aisle seats, respectively, in Row 2, just one row away from the front bulkhead on the left side of the plane. And elderly lady and another gentleman ( most probably an Indian) sat in front of us on the right side . Soon after the plane left Dhaka, the gentleman moved to the left side with the permission of the cabin crew, leaving a aisle seat empty in front of me.

    The journey was unremarkable for the first 15/20 minutes or so of the 50 minute flight. Then, suddenly a young man entered into business class a young man from Economy Class entered into business class and sat in the now empty seat in front of me, a backpack on his lap. The cabin crew were taken aback, but, before anyone could protest, he unzipped his backpack, reached in, and retrieved a handgun, a lighter and what looked like an explosive device. He stood up, made his way to the front galley in front of the closed cockpit door and proclaimed, in English, “This plane has been hijacked! Open the cockpit door immediately….I will blow out the plane if it’s landed. “

    Terror overcame the front cabin at these words. The curtains were still drawn ( opened later on ) so it’s possible that no one at the back was yet aware what was going on, but we could see the hijacker was armed. To prove his point, he fired his handgun once at the door of the unoccupied lavatory in the front. The smell of gunpowder filled the pressurized cabin air.

    “I am a Scottish citizen. I have only one demand: I want my wife back. She is a celebrity. …. “ shouted the man. His manner wasn’t normal: it seemed he was either severely unbalanced or on some sort of drugs.

    As the one occupying the aisle seat nearest the front of the plane, I was closest to the would-be terrorist. I asked him whether his wife was in board. “No, she’s not in the plane,” he replied.

    He soon became increasingly agitated. He started kicking at the cockpit door, demanding to be let in. There was no verbal response from the cockpit, but the pilot might have heard the message loud and clear. Plane started descending sharp. The plane went into a near free fall as we began climbing down from 30,000 feet towards the ground at an alarming speed. On our way down the plane rolled violently from side to side. I would later find out from the pilot that he had only one objective: to get the plane on the ground at Chittagong before the cockpit was breached. He knew he had the lives of nearly 150 souls in his hands, and he did all he could to keep the controls out of the hand of the madman. The rolls were to try to knock the man off balance.

    In his agitation, the terrorist blank fired his gun again. At this, the crew who had been trying to placate him realized that he was dangerously unpredictable and ran back towards the economy cabin. An uproar ensued, as those passengers in the back began to realize the full gravity of the situation.

    I spoke up again, shouting at him to be reasonable. “What good will it do to kill all of us? Let us land and all 150 of us will request to the authorities so that we can get you what you want.” He was unrelenting, saying that if the plane is landed he would be arrested. And he would not allow that to happen. He will blow the plane with bomb.

    He kept waving a lit lighter near the fuse of the explosive in his hand, threatening to blow us all up. “I know I will be arrested when this plane lands.”

    At first I had feared that he may have accomplices stationed in other areas of the plane. But hearing him speak and watching him move, it became clear to me that he was most likely alone and he didn’t have the skills or temperament to take control of the situation. But the explosive and handgun were dangerously unpredictable.

    As we continued our rapid descent, I could see the Bay of Bengal fast approaching in the window. The approach at Chittagong begins over the sea, but I wasn’t sure if we had enough height and speed to make it to land or whether the pilot was attempting a water landing. Eventually the plane’s wheels hit the edge of the runway and the pilot slammed on the brakes. The speed at which we hit the tarmac had me concerned about damage to the plane or skidding of the runway, but the pilot was very quickly able to bring us to a slow crawl.

    My own situation was dire. I was the first person in the young man’s line of sight. If he was going to shoot anyone, it would likely start with the cabin crew or me and my wife. If he was going to trigger his explosive, I would take the most impact. I had to get out of there, and move to relative safety at the back of the plane.

    An opening presented itself when the man was engaged by the cabin crew in a heated discussion. I grabbed my wife Lily by the arm and we crawled on our arms and knees out of our seats into the aisle and towards the back of the plane. Others in the business cabin followed.

    When we got to the back, one of the emergency exits had already been opened and there was a crowd of people blocking it. The exit opposite it had not yet been opened so I tried that instead. I’ve never opened a plane’s exit door and I’m not sure how I managed, but I got it open and stepped out onto the wing.

    I hadn’t quite realized how much of a drop it was from the wing to the tarmac. Must have been 12 feet or so. I had no choice, I jumped. It felt like I kept falling and it wasn’t exactly a smooth landing. Later I realized I had badly scraped my ankle and slightly twisted my knee. But at the time all I could think about was helping Lily down. I looked up and saw her sitting by the edge of the wing, crying. I reached up but couldn’t reach her legs hanging over the wing. I urged her to jump so I could catch her. Before she had a chance to respond, someone from behind her pushed her off, and she landed roughly, only partially caught by me. I was still afraid of the purported explosive in the terrorist’s hand and wanted to get as far away from the plane as possible. We were in no state to run but we walked as quickly as we could toward the terminal in the distance. As we walked past the still running jet engine, a blast of hot air knocked Lily and me off our feet again. Thank God we didn’t walk in front of the engine, I don’t know if we could have resisted being sucked in. By this time her throat was parched and she couldn’t speak. She looked like she was about to faint/die. Someone from the airport came running to us and, grabbing someone else’s half-drunk water bottle offered it to her.

    As we made it back into the airport, an overwhelming sense of relief came over me. At that point in time I realised that we left behind in the plane our passport, Boarding pass, mobile and all other valuables By the Grace of the Almighty, we had somehow survived. At many points in the last 30 minutes, I had told myself: this is it, this is how my life ends. What an irony, people would say, the first day of his retirement would be the last of his life. But the All-Merciful has other plans for Lily and me. I’m not sure what they are yet, but I know nothing I do will be quite the same after this experience.

    P.S. I would love to say that when we got into the airport that was the end of the ordeal and we were well taken care of. Unfortunately the truth is that we and all 150 other passengers would continue to suffer for the next 12 hours. Airport or Biman were not ready to handle such a situation. But that’s a story for another time…

    (About this write-up the writer clearly mentioned that he was receiving so many phone calls and messages from his family members and friends about the incident. That’s why he shared his experience with them. Regarding the pistol he said that he was not sure if the pistol or the bomb were real or toy. But at that particular moment we all thought that it was real and we all became extremely frightened. In reality what it was the investigators would know better.)

  4. মাসুদ করিম - ৫ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৮:২৪ অপরাহ্ণ)

    নতুন মহাসড়ক নয়, রেলে নজর দিতে বলেছেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী

    নতুন করে মহাসড়ক না করে রেল যোগাযোগ বাড়ানোর দিকে নজর দেওয়ার নির্দেশ দিয়েছেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী শেখ হাসিনা।

    মঙ্গলবার জাতীয় অর্থনৈতিক পরিষদের নির্বাহী কমিটির (একনেক) সভায় তিনি এ নির্দেশনা দেন বলে পরিকল্পনামন্ত্রী এমএ মান্নান জানিয়েছেন।

    একনেক সভার তিনি সাংবাদিকদের বলেন, “বৈঠকে প্রধানমন্ত্রী সংশ্লিষ্টদের বলেছেন, বেশ সড়ক আমরা করেছি। নতুন করে মহাসড়ক করার আর প্রয়োজন নেই। এখন রেলওয়ের দিকে নজর দিন।”

    এছাড়া সড়ক, রেল ও নৌ পরিবহন নিয়ে একটি ‘জাতীয় গ্রিড’ করারও পরামর্শ দিয়েছেন শেখ হাসিনা।
    পরিবহন খাতের এই ‘জাতীয় গ্রিড’ কেমন হবে, তার একটি উদাহরণও দিয়েছেন তিনি।

    “যেমন একজন মানুষ চট্টগ্রাম থেকে বরিশাল যাবেন। তিনি চট্টগ্রাম থেকে রেলের টিকেটে কেটে কমলাপুর রেলস্টেশন নেমে একই টিকেটে সদরঘাট গিয়ে বরিশালের লঞ্চ ধরে বরিশাল পর্যন্ত যাবেন। এটাই জাতীয় গ্রিড।”

    প্রধানমন্ত্রী দেশের সব নদী, পুকুর ও জলাশয় রক্ষায় মনোযোগী হওয়ার নির্দেশ দিয়েছেন বলেও জানান মন্ত্রী।

    একনেক সভায় অংশগ্রহণকারী পরিকল্পনা কমিশনের একজন কর্মকর্তা বিডিনিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর ডটকমকে বলেন, “প্রধানমন্ত্রী নতুন করে মহাসড়ক না করে রেলের দিকে নজর দেওয়ার নির্দেশনার পাশাপাশি ঢাকা থেকে কক্সবাজার এবং ঢাকা থেকে পায়রা সমুদ্র বন্দর পর্যন্ত দুটি রেল লাইন নির্মাণে প্রকল্প তৈরির নির্দেশনা দিয়েছেন।

    “তিনি বলেছেন, শিগগির সৌদি আরবের একজন মন্ত্রীর নেতৃত্বে একটি প্রতিনিধি দল দেশে আসতে পারে। তার আগেই প্রকল্প প্রস্তাবনা তৈরী করতে হবে।”

    দুই প্রকল্পে সৌদি আরবের বিনিয়োগ করার সম্ভাবনা রয়েছে বলে শেখ হাসিনা জানিয়েছেন।
    বর্তমানে দেশে জাতীয় মহাসড়ক রয়েছে ৩ হাজার ৮১২ কিলোমিটার। পাশাপাশি আঞ্চলকি মহাসড়ক রয়েছে মোট ৪ হাজার ২৪৭ কিলোমিটার। জেলা সড়ক রয়েছে ১৩ হাজার ২৪২ কিলোমিটার।

    সড়কের তুলনায় রেলপথের পরিমাণ অনেক কম। দেশে মোট রেলপথ আছে ২ হাজার ৮৮০ কিলোমিটার। এরমধ্যে ব্রডগেজ ৬৬০ কিলোমিটার, ডুয়েলগেজ ৩৬৫ কিলোমিটার এবং প্রায় এক হাজার ৮৫৫ কিলোমিটার মিটারগেজ রেললাইন রয়েছে। দেশে মোট রেলস্টেশন আছে ৪৮৯টি।

    নদীমাতৃক বাংলাদেশে প্রায় ৮ হাজার ৪০০ কিলোমিটার দীর্ঘ অভ্যন্তরীণ নাব্য জলপথ রয়েছে। এর মধ্যে ৫ হাজার ৪০০ কিলোমিটার সারা বছর নৌ চলাচলের জন্য উন্মুক্ত রয়েছে। অবশিষ্ট প্রায় ৩ হাজার কিলোমিটার শুধু বর্ষাকালে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

  5. মাসুদ করিম - ৭ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৯:০২ অপরাহ্ণ)

    Maoist leader shot dead in Kerala’s Wayanad

    Maoist leader C.P. Jaleel was shot dead after a heavy exchange of gun fire with the police in Kerala on the wee hours of Thursday. The firing took place after a five-member gang tried to take hostage of a resort in Kerala’s Wayanad late last night.

    The gang identified themselves as Maoists and demanded cash and food supplies for 10 people at the front desk of Upavan resort, on the Kozhikode-Bengaluru highway, after which the hotel alerted the police, local reports said.

    Commandos of special anti-Maoists force, known as ‘Thunderbolt’, and the local police soon reached the spot and started an encounter that continued until Thursday morning. The Maoists shot back with gun fires.

    Traffic was stopped along the highway and the power supply to the area was cut. After killing one Maoist, the firing also injured another, who was taken into custody, and caused minor injuries to two police officers. The rest of the gang members escaped into the forest, the police told local reporters.

    Jaleel, 40, a native of Malappuram district, is the brother of Maoist leader C.P. Ismail, who was arrested along with the extremist outfit’s southern leader Murali Kunnampally recently. He is believed to be part of the outfit’s Western Ghats Zonal Command.

  6. মাসুদ করিম - ৯ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৩:২৪ অপরাহ্ণ)

    Periphyton-based aquaculture: Cost-free fish cultivation

    The global population is increasing and with it, the demand for food is also growing. Comparatively in high demand are the high protein foods. This demand cannot be covered by livestock production and with the total fish catch from wild fishing grounds. The worst hit by the increase in global population are the developing and least developed countries. Some food experts claim that aquaculture production is the answer to the growing demand for high protein food. Also known as aquafarming, aquaculture is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms.

    Feed is one of the most important criteria for aqua farming. In aquaculture, 60 per cent of the production cost is incurred as feed. The majority of fish farmers in the world especially in Africa and Asia are poor and so, they are unable to buy expensive inputs to farm made and commercial feeds. An improved technique of fish culture based on the natural production could be a solution for poorer countries like Bangladesh. In this regard, periphyton-based fish culture may offer a new direction.

    Periphytons are aquatic organisms like certain algae that live while attached to submerged plant stems and leaves as well as other substrates. Periphytons play significant roles in providing food for fish and other fauna in natural and controlled environment. The effects of periphyton, grown on bamboo substrates, on growth and production of Indian major carp, rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), were studied in 10 ponds during July to October 1995 at the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Five ponds were provided with bamboo substrates (treatment I) and the rest without bamboo substrates (treatment II). It was revealed that there was no discernible difference in the water quality parameters between treatments. A large number of plankton (30 genera) showed periphytic nature and colonised on the bamboo substrates. The growth and production of fish was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the ponds with bamboo substrates as compared to the ponds without substrates. The net production of rohu in treatment I was about 1.7 times higher than that of treatment II. Fish production was as much as 1,899 kg/ha over a culture period of four months in the periphyton-based production system.

    It was shown that by enhancing periphyton growth, fish production in traditional pond systems in South Asia increases substantially. The application of this process does not require fertilisers or feeds. As substrate bamboo, branches of trees can also be used. It is also possible in rice fields, where the straw of rice plant works as substrate. This makes the technique useful for resource poor farmers. In order to dissipate information about this process, mass awareness needs to be generated in rural areas. Greater fish production can help not just the financial conditions of fish breeders, fishermen and fish traders, but also support the economy at meeting its demand for high protein food items.

  7. মাসুদ করিম - ৯ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৩:২৭ অপরাহ্ণ)

    The Lost Child of Chittagong

    French revolution is one of the incidents that changed the world’s history decisively. It’s far reaching social, political and cultural impact contributed a lot to shape the modern day’s Europe and the western world. However, how many of us know that a Bangladeshi boy played a very significant role in this historic event? It may be surprising to many of us but it is quite true.

    In France he was known as Zamor and his Christianised name was Louis Benoit. Born in 1762 (not confirmed) at Chittagong, Zamor was kidnapped by the English slave traders when he was only eleven years old. The slave traders took Zamor to Madagascar and there he was sold to the French slave traders. After being trafficked to France, Zamor was sold to the France’s royal palace as a palace slave. Entrance into royal palace changed Zamor’s life.

    Zamor was educated by Countess Du Barry who was a mistress of the French monarch Louis XV and became her servant. However, the countess mistook him as an African boy and the impression of this mistake can easily be understood from Zamor’s portrait where Jacques Antoine Marie Lemoine, the painter, portrayed him with African features. The countess wrote in her memoirs about Zamor, “The second object of my regard was Zamor, a young African boy, full of intelligence and mischief; simple and independent in his nature, yet wild as his country. Zamor fancied himself the equal of all he met, scarcely deigning to acknowledge the king himself as his superior.”

    During his stay in the royal palace Zamor developed a keen interest on philosophy and literature. He secretly studied all the works of revolutionary philosopher and writer Jean Jack Rousseau and became deeply influenced by his philosophy.

    When the French revolution broke out against the oppressive rule of French aristocrats, Zamor and Countess Du Berry joined the revolutionary Jacobin Club. He used to maintain secret connections with the revolutionary leaders and helped them by providing information. For his contribution to the revolution, Zamor was made the office-bearer of the Committee of Public Safety which was the de facto executive government of France during the turbulent period after the onset of the revolution. Then in 1792 he was made secretary of the committee whose duty was to keep an eye on the aristocrats.

    However, Zamor’s relationship with revolutionary, puritan leader George Grieve appalled Countess Du Barry and she ordered Zamor to leave her palace within three days if he had not severed his liaison with the revolutionary leader. Zamor was also aggrieved by Du Barry’s secret connection with the French aristocrats who fled to London. Zamor revealed this fact before the Revolutionary Tribunal and accused Du Barry of helping the aristocrats with money and shelter. There in the court while giving his witness statement, Zamor for the first time mentioned that he was actually from Chittagong in Bengal, not from Africa. Upon his statement Countess Du Barry was arrested and executed in guillotine.

    Later life of Zamor remained unknown. After Countess Du Barry’s execution, he left the revolutionary group and maintained a solitary life in the old quarter of Paris. He died there in poverty on February 7, 1820.

    Zamor’s contribution in French revolution was significant. He sacrificed the luxury of royal palace and safety provided by his countess only because of his faith on liberty, equality and fraternity. However, very few remember the contribution and sacrifice of this Bangladeshi boy who, far from his birthplace, sacrificed his life for a people’s revolution against oppression and injustice.

  8. মাসুদ করিম - ১৩ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৭:২৩ পূর্বাহ্ণ)

    https://mknewsmedia.tumblr.com/post/183415085614/an-overhaul-of-international-tax-system-can-wait

  9. মাসুদ করিম - ১৫ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৩:২২ অপরাহ্ণ)

    Comment: Christchurch mosque shootings – it was a matter of when, not if

    Prior to 1.40pm today, New Zealand had seemed immune from the threats and events affecting the rest of the world, however we have now tragically joined the sad reality of the world’s future security environment.

    For many years New Zealand has held a coveted spot as one of the safest countries in the world. To a great degree, even despite the events of today, this status will remain when compared to the larger security threats facing many other countries.

    However what many Kiwis forget is that those values of safety, lifestyle and isolation are looked upon favourably by those wishing to do us harm as weakness or vulnerabilities to be exploited.

    As a nation many have the mindset that it will never happen here. For me the perfect example of that very mindset are reflected in comments made today by a regional mayor when he stated “It is unthinkable in NZ”.

    These comments will, of course, not be limited to him but will have been muttered in stunned disbelief by many. But why should we be at all shocked that this has happened here?

    For a select few of us constantly monitoring and assessing the global security situation it was never going to be a shock. Despite our hope that we would remain untouched, it was always going to be a matter of when not if.

    New Zealand has now come to the hard realisation that our beliefs in our geographic location, way of life, global friend to all image and belief that what is happening in the rest of the world does not affect us, were our greatest threats all along.

    So where does that leave us now? We must of course take time to grieve for those lost and fully comprehend what has happened, but our vigilance and understanding of what our new life looks like moving forward, must start now.

    While this is hopefully a one-off incident, we cannot assume so. Reality has proven that in our laissez faire environment, it has been easy for individuals to plan a devastating attack that has rocked our society to its core and provided those responsible with global coverage of their crimes.

    We now must move forward doing the absolute best we can to maintain our freedoms and way of life, for those are the things we must protect the most.

    However our future approach to managing our security is one that we must undertake as a society. We must look out for each other, notice the unusual and report the concerning.

    Albert Einstein once said “The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing.”

    The reality is we share this world with evil individuals and groups who have little respect for life, however they can only operate in environments that allow them to conduct their planning and attacks free from suspicion.

    We can’t change them but we can control and restrict the environment they need to operate in through increased awareness and vigilance.

    Unfortunately the majority of operators within the general security industry are not prepared to counter such threats and to be honest this is to be expected.

    That said there may be providers within the security industry who may look to exploit the current fear within society and to over-supply security officers or services.

    I would recommend any business or individual considering increasing such services to do due diligence and carefully scrutinise such prospective providers.

    Google searches on company names and directors should be the first step.

    Ensure you are acquiring security staff and services that are legitimate and who are provided by professional companies experienced in addressing the specific threat.

    Tomorrow morning we will all wake in a continued state of disbelief and part realisation of our tragic inclusion into the real world.

    The usual divisive rhetoric that we hear from individuals and groups will continue, with some of the more easily led progressing their beliefs into acts of violence.

    Today New Zealand changed, there is no way such an event can occur without a lasting impact at some level. We are now a member of a growing global group who have been impacted by extreme ideologies and beliefs.

    Our responsibility as a society, as Kiwis, as New Zealanders, is to remember those lost and to collectively gather and commit to protecting our way of life.

    We cannot let this event tear our society apart nor change our lifestyle to one of fear.

    That said we must increase our awareness and appreciation of what is happening around us on a daily basis, reporting anything we deem suspicious in the hope that together we can protect our unique way of life.

    • মাসুদ করিম - ১৫ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৭:৩৯ অপরাহ্ণ)

      ‘There’s shooting here, please save us’
      My day began looking for injury updates on Kane Willliamson, BJ Watling, Tamim Iqbal and Mushfiqur Rahim. There was a Test due to start tomorrow and my mind was focused on who was going to play and who’d be missing out. Eight hours later, I would be at a friend’s house in Christchurch, trying to make sense of the worst terrorist attack in New Zealand’s history. Cricket is farthest from my mind; my thoughts were of home and family, of the players who were metres away from the carnage, and above all of the people who lost their lives while in a house of prayer.

      It’s late night now in Christchurch and as I sit and write this, try and put down what happened, the brain is still scrambled. I’m calm, occasionally laughing, but that’s just the nerves showing. It was just a few minutes but it might change my life.

      1.00pm: The Bangladesh team arrives at the Hagley Oval for a training session and, though there’s rain about, they plan to first go to a nearby mosque for Friday prayers and then return for the session. There was a plan to train at the indoor facilities at Lincoln University but then it was decided that the team would not travel that far.

      1.27pm: Bangladesh captain Mahmudullah completes the pre-match press conference at the Hagley Oval. He is in a rush as the rest of the players are ready to go to the mosque, but he still speaks for nine minutes.

      1.35pm: I am at the parking lot as the Bangladesh players board the bus. Seventeen members of the touring party, including manager Khaled Mashud, team analyst Shrinivas Chandrasekaran and masseur Md Sohel, are accompanying the players.

      1.52pm: I get a call from Tamim Iqbal, one of the senior-most cricketers in the team, as I’m leaving the Hagley Oval. He’s calling me for help. “There’s shooting here, please save us.” I first think that he is playing a prank but he hangs up and calls again – this time, his voice starts to crack. He says that I should call the police as there’s a shooting going on inside the mosque where they are about to enter.

      1.53 pm: My first instinct is to start running towards the mosque. I don’t even stop to think; you can call me an idiot for running towards an active terrorism scene but I knew I just had to go. Partly as a journalist, mainly as a human being.

      I start running towards the main road, when a lady, also heading out in her car, asks if I need a ride. I tell her what Tamim has told me, and she tells me to hop in. My fellow Bangladeshi journalists Mazhar Uddin and Utpal Shuvro also come along.

      1.56pm: We see the entry to Deans Avenue, where the mosque is located, blocked off by a police car, so we get off in front of the Parkview Hotel on the corner of Deans and Riccarton avenues. I start running towards the mosque when I spot the Bangladesh team bus. There are a few police cars around, and a couple of ambulances. Some people are standing around, wondering what had happened near that intersection.

      But when I look to my right, towards the entrance of a motel, it becomes clear: There’s a body on the ground, being attended to by paramedics. There’s blood everywhere.

      2.00pm: I see one man running towards me, crying, and holding his arm. There’s definitely blood on his shirt. People nearby are helping another man to escape, shouting instructions at him. I keep walking fast towards the bus when I see a line of Bangladesh players running away from the bus. I cross the road, and as I get close, Ebadot Hossain grabs me by the arm and tells me to run with them. At this point I still have no idea what actually has happened; I don’t even know if the team was the target of the attack.

      2.02pm: The players are now on the side of Hagley Park, and someone asks for directions. The ground is to their right, about a 15-minute walk. The players enter the park and start to run, when someone tells them they should walk quickly. Not run.

      2.04pm: I am walking with Tamim and then I see the players spreading out, too wide apart. I ask Sohel to get them all together. It is impossible but some of them slow down to walk together.

      It’s no more than a kilometer away but it is the longest few minutes of my life. The players are talking about what they’ve seen – the blood, the bodies. One senior player holds on to me and breaks down. There is very little I can say to him.

      2.08pm: We reach the Hagley Oval and just run inside. Everyone is taken inside the players’ dressing room where they get to sit finally. They are visibly shaken.

      2.10pm: We are taken to the Hadlee Pavilion where the rest of the ground staff, NZC staff, etc are being asked to wait.

      2.45pm: The team, after consultation with the two cricket boards, decides to head to their hotel on Cathedral Street. They are escorted there immediately. The journalists stay behind.

      3.30pm: While holed up at the Hagley Oval, we keep seeing police cars and ambulances rushing towards the same place I had gone to earlier, near the mosque.

      5.00pm: The tour is called off by New Zealand Cricket, after consultation with the Bangladesh Cricket Board and the ICC.

      6.30pm: We are finally allowed to leave the ground, and we head to the team hotel.

      7pm: Crossing a really quiet Christchurch city centre, we arrive at the hotel in three cars. Manager Khaled Mashud has to take us to their team room where he gives a detailed statement about what had happened, and what the team plans to do next.

      7.25pm: We head to his room, where we charge our phones. Tamim Iqbal joins us. He is visibly shaken still, and I apologise for not believing him. He gives me a pat on the back, and smiles.

      8pm: The manager Mashud treats us to dinner, after which we head out to our own hotels. Christchurch, at the start of St Patrick’s Day weekend, is absolutely quiet. It was supposed to be a roaring Friday night. It is likely that the city will never be the same again.

      10 pm: I’m at a friend’s house for dinner. There’s no appetite, little conversation. The minutes are marked by phone calls updating us with grim news: Another acquaintance gone, the death toll keeps rising.

  10. মাসুদ করিম - ২১ মার্চ ২০১৯ (২:৩২ অপরাহ্ণ)

    বয়সভিত্তিক দলের খেলোয়াড় নির্ভরতায় সাফে ব্যর্থতা

    বয়সভিত্তিক পর্যায়ে বাংলাদেশের মেয়েরা সাফল্য পায় হরহামেশাই। কিন্তু সিনিয়র পর্যায়ে দল ছোটে উল্টো পথে। মেয়েদের সাফ চ্যাম্পিয়নশিপের পঞ্চম আসরে সেমি-ফাইনাল থেকে বাংলাদেশ বাদ পড়ার পর ব্যর্থতার কারণ হিসেবে বাফুফের টেকনিক্যাল অ্যান্ড স্ট্র্যাটেজিক ডিরেক্টর পল স্মলি জানালেন বয়সভিত্তিক দলে সাফল্য পাওয়া তরুণ খেলোয়াড়দের ওপর জাতীয় দলে অতি নির্ভরতার কথা।

    নেপালের বিরাটনগরে চলা সাফে এবারের বাংলাদেশ দলের ২০ জন খেলোয়াড়ের মধ্যে নয় জন অনূর্ধ্ব-১৬, ১০ জন অনূর্ধ্ব-১৮ দলের। কুড়ি পার হওয়া একমাত্র খেলোয়াড় সাবিনা খাতুন। স্মলির হিসেব অনুযায়ী জাতীয় দল গড়তে বাংলাদেশের সঞ্চয় মোটে ৪০ থেকে ৪৫ জন খেলোয়াড় এবং সিংহভাগই বয়সভিত্তিক দলের।

    দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার মেয়েদের অনূর্ধ্ব-১৫ প্রতিযোগিতায় দলের সাফল্য চোখে পড়ার মতো। ২০১৭ সালের প্রথম আসরে ভারতকে হারিয়ে চ্যাম্পিয়ন; ২০১৮ সালে ভারতের কাছে হেরে রানার্সআপ। অনূর্ধ্ব-১৮ বিভাগে ২০১৮ সালে হওয়া একমাত্র আসরে নেপালকে হারিয়ে চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয়েছিল দল।

    জাতীয় দলে আর সাফল্যের খোঁজ মেলে না। সাফের পাঁচ আসরে তিনবার সেমি-ফাইনাল, একবার গ্রুপ পর্ব থেকে বাদ। সেরা সাফল্য ২০১৬ সালে রানার্সআপ হওয়া। এবার নেপালে গ্রুপ পর্বে এক জয় ও এক হারের পর সেমি-ফাইনালে ভারতের কাছে ৪-০ গোলে হার। তিন ম্যাচে ২ গোল দিয়ে ৭ গোল খেয়েছে দল। আড়াই বছর ধরে বাংলাদেশের ফুটবল নিয়ে কাজ করা স্মলি তাই সমস্যার কারণ খুঁজে পেলেন বয়সভিত্তিক দলের খেলোয়াড়দের ওপর নির্ভরতায়।
    “শুরুর একাদশে আমাদের চার জন ছিল অনূর্ধ্ব-১৬ দলের। সাবিনা ছাড়া বাকিরা অনূর্ধ্ব-১৮ দলের। আমি মনে করি, জাতীয় পর্যায়ে নেপাল ও ভারতের সঙ্গে তাই বাংলাদেশের তুলনা করা ঠিক নয়। কেননা তাদের বয়সভিত্তিকের বিভিন্ন পর্যায়ে অনেক খেলোয়াড় আছে। অথচ বাংলাদেশের একটা গ্রুপ বয়সভিত্তিকের একাধিক পর্যায়ে খেলে।”

    “বয়সভিত্তিকের প্রতিটি দলে আমাদের অনেক খেলোয়াড় পেতে হবে। জাতীয় দলের জন্য থাকতে হবে পর্যাপ্ত সিনিয়র খেলোয়াড়, যাদের বয়স এবং অভিজ্ঞতা দলে ভারসাম্য আনবে। কেননা তারা আবেগ নিয়ন্ত্রণ করতে পারে, চাপ নিতে এবং পরিস্থিতি সামাল দিতে পারে। যেটা তরুণেরা পারে না।”

    চলতি সাফে খেলা ভারতের খেলোয়াড়দের গড় বয়স ২১ বছর চার মাস; নেপালের আরেকটু বেশি। বাংলাদেশের গড় বয়স ১৭ বছর চার মাসের কাছাকাছি। গ্রুপ পর্বে দুর্বল ভুটানের বিপক্ষে তেমন কোনো পরীক্ষার মুখোমুখি হতে হয়নি রক্ষণভাগকে। কিন্তু সাফের চারবারের চ্যাম্পিয়ন ভারত এবং তিনবারের রানার্সআপ নেপালের মুখোমুখি হতেই বারবার ভেঙে পড়লেন মাসুরা-শিউলি-আঁখিরা। মাঝমাঠের নিয়ন্ত্রণহীন মনিকা-কৃষ্ণারা। আক্রমণভাগে ব্যর্থ হলেন সাবিনা-স্বপ্নারা।

    বয়সভিত্তিক পর্যায়ে আক্রমণাত্মক খেলার অভ্যাস বাংলাদেশের। সাফল্যও মেলে ওই ছকে। অভ্যাস না থাকায় জাতীয় দলে এসে শক্তিশালী প্রতিপক্ষের বিপক্ষে রক্ষণে খাবি খান শিউলি-মাসুরারা। রক্ষণ নিয়ে সাফের আগে কাজ হয়েছে কিনা এমন প্রশ্নের জবাবে স্মলি জানালেন, বয়সের পার্থক্য সমস্যার অন্যতম কারণ।
    “দেখুন তিন-চার বছরের ব্যবধানও স্থানভেদে অনেক। ইউরোপের যে খেলোয়াড়টির বয়স ১৭/১৮ বছর তার টেকনিক্যাল এবং ট্যাকটিক্যাল জ্ঞান এই উপমহাদেশের ১৭/১৮ বছরের বয়সীদের চেয়ে বেশি। তাছাড়া জাতীয় দলে আসার একটা পদ্ধতি আছে; আপনাকে বয়সভিত্তিক বিভিন্ন পর্যায় পেরিয়ে আসতে হবে।”

    “একটা নির্দিষ্ট জাতীয় দল থাকলে আপনি আন্তর্জাতিক ম্যাচ, প্রীতি ম্যাচ এবং বিভিন্ন প্রতিযোগিতায় খেলে উন্নতি করতে পারবেন। এই মেয়েরা বিভিন্ন বয়সভিত্তিক দলে খেলবে আবার সাফে এবং আমি যদি আশা করি, তারা ভারত, নেপালের সঙ্গে লড়াই করবে, এটাই খুবই অন্যায্য চাওয়া।”

    “এই দলের গোলরক্ষক রুপনা চাকমা, আঁখি, শামসুন্নাহার অনূর্ধ্ব-১৬ দলের। মাসুরা, শিউলি অনূর্ধ্ব-১৮ দলের। এরা বয়সভিত্তিকের ওই পর্যায়ে পারফর্ম করতে পারে। এ কারণে আমরা এএফসি অনূর্ধ্ব-১৯ প্রতিযোগিতায় সমস্যায় পড়েছিলাম; তারা ভুল করেছিল। তাছাড়া জাতীয় দলের হয়ে আন্তর্জাতিক ম্যাচ না খেলাটাও অন্যতম কারণ।”

    “সিনিয়র পর্যায়ে ভালো করতে হলে আমাদের নির্দিষ্ট একটা দল থাকতে হবে। প্রচুর আন্তর্জাতিক ম্যাচ খেলতে হবে। মেয়েদের জন্য লিগ থাকাটাও ভীষণ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।”

  11. মাসুদ করিম - ২২ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৬:৪৭ অপরাহ্ণ)

    Radovan Karadžić war crimes sentence increased to life in prison

    Former Bosnian Serb leader given longer sentence over his role in bloody conflict

    Radovan Karadžić has been sentenced to life in prison at an appeal court in The Hague for his role in mass killings of civilians in the conflict that tore Bosnia apart a quarter century ago.

    Five judges at the UN-mandated court upheld the 2016 verdict at the former Bosnian Serb leader’s first trial almost in its entirety, dismissing all but one of Karadžić’s appeals as “mere disagreement” with the court’s conclusions rather than valid legal objections.

    By a majority of three to two, the judges decided to increase his original 40-year jail term to life in prison, saying the trial chamber had “abused its discretion” in passing sentence.

    One element from Karadžić’s 2016 conviction involving illegal detentions of civilians was overturned because he was not allowed to cross-examine witnesses, but the appeal court confirmed his guilt for his role in the worst massacres of civilians in Europe since the 1940s.

    The chief prosecutor at the tribunal, Serge Brammertz, said the verdict sent an “important message that justice can prevail over evil”.

    “Today, the victims of his crimes finally saw him answer for what he did,” Brammertz said. “Opponents of the tribunal will claim that this judgment is a verdict against the Serbian people. I reject that in the strongest terms. Karadžić’s guilt is his, not his community’s.”

    The judges upheld the charge of genocide for the July 1995 massacre of more than 7,000 Muslim men and boys at Srebrenica, pointing to an order Karadžić had signed four months earlier that called for conditions for the city’s people to be made “unbearable with no hope of further survival”.

    Reading the verdict, Judge Vagn Prüsse Joensen said Karadžić had been in constant touch with his forces on the ground at the fall of Srebrenica. He said he had also failed to rebut the 2016 court ruling that, as commander-in-chief of Bosnian Serb forces, he was obliged to investigate and punish perpetrators of war crimes.

    Similarly, Joensen said Karadžić had “failed to demonstrate error” in the original findings that Sarajevo was shelled indiscriminately with no distinction between military targets and civilians.

    The panel of judges rejected an appeal from the prosecution against Karadžić’s acquittal on the charge of genocide in 20 Bosnian municipalities where massacres were committed.

    They said prosecutors had failed to disprove that those massacres should not be classified as genocide. The 2016 ruling has infuriated many Bosnians, who argue that the intent of Karadžić’s campaign of “ethnic cleansing” of Serb-held territory was by definition genocidal.

    Karadžić, 73, listened to most of the verdict sitting impassively in a dark suit, his white hair swept back. He was told to stand to hear his sentence being extended. At that moment, a cheer went up from the public gallery, separated from the courtroom by bullet-proof glass.

    He has been held at The Hague since his capture in Belgrade in 2008, and his appeal is one of the last war crimes cases from the Bosnian war to be held in The Hague.

    After Wednesday’s appeal verdict, Karadžić issued a statement through his lawyer, Peter Robinson, saying: “Politics triumphed over justice here today. The appeal chamber whitewashed an unfair trial and an unjust judgment.”

    Robinson said his client had vowed to “continue to fight” against the judgment but had urged his supporters to refrain from violence.

    Karadžić led a breakaway Serb territory when Bosnia declared independence from a crumbling Yugoslavia in 1992, after the Soviet Union’s collapse.

    The subsequent conflict was marked by atrocities against civilians, most carried out by Bosnian Serb troops, who conducted a campaign of “ethnic cleansing” to rid the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska of Muslims and ethnic Croats.

    About 100,000 people were killed and 2.2 million were left homeless. The mass killings culminated in the Srebrenica massacre.

    Victims’ groups welcomed the imposition of a life sentence. Murat Tahirovic, the president of the Victims and Witnesses of Genocide Association, told the Bosnian TV network N1: “Total justice is not possible but it is satisfaction for the victims.”

    The verdict was streamed online, but with a 30-minute delay – introduced after another Hague defendant, the Bosnian Croat general Slobodan Praljak, killed himself in November 2017 by taking poison in the courtroom after his 20-year sentence was upheld.

    After the conflict, Karadžić went into hiding and was captured, disguised as a spiritual healer, in Belgrade in 2008. His legacy has lived on in Bosnia, where the ethnic division of the country has largely been frozen in place by the 1995 Dayton peace accord. The Republika Srpska continues to defy the central government in Sarajevo on a range of issues, and Karadžić is still hailed as a hero by many Serbs. A university dormitory was named after him in 2016.

    Karadžić’s justification of ethnic cleansing as a defence of western civilisation against Muslim encroachment has made him an iconic figure among some violent rightwing extremists.

    The suspect in the killing of 50 people in Christchurch, New Zealand, on Friday, allegedly listened to a Serb ballad extolling Karadžić’s leadership on the way to the mosques where the shootings took place.

    “It is the virulent dehumanisation Karadžić used to mobilise his people against their Muslim neighbours that today threatens stability in the former Yugoslavia but also inspires extremists worldwide,” said Refik Hodzic, a survivor from Prijedor, scene of some of the worst atrocities of the war.

    “Unless there is a concerted effort, spearheaded by political sponsors of the Balkan elites – the EU and the US primarily – to deconstruct and delegitimise Karadžić’s ideology and methods, now definitively adjudged to be criminal, his judgment’s relevance will remain eternally limited.”

    Karadžić, a former poet and psychiatrist, had appealed against his sentence on 50 grounds and accused judges of conducting a “political trial” against him. He represented himself at his trial, with assistance from Robinson.

    Prosecutors argued that Karadžić and the Bosnian Serb army commander Ratko Mladić wanted to permanently remove Muslims and Croats from Serb-held territory.

    Mladić, 76, labelled the “Butcher of Bosnia”, is appealing against a life sentence on similar charges. He previously refused to testify at Karadžić’s trial, calling the UN tribunal “satanic”.

    The former Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic, Karadžić’s long-time patron during the war, was on trial in The Hague until his death in 2006.

  12. মাসুদ করিম - ২৪ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৪:৫৬ অপরাহ্ণ)

    দৃষ্টির সীমানা ছাড়িয়ে গেলেন শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহ

    প্রখ্যাত সংগীত শিল্পী শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহ মারা গেছেন।

    ‘এক নদী রক্ত পেরিয়ে’, ‘একবার যেতে দে না আমার ছোট্ট সোনার গাঁয়’, ‘একতারা তুই দেশের কথা বলরে, এবার বল’, ‘প্রথম বাংলাদেশ আমার শেষ বাংলাদেশ’সহ বহু জনপ্রিয় গানে কণ্ঠ দিয়েছেন তিনি।

    শনিবার রাত সাড়ে ১১টায় বারিধারায় নিজের বাসায় শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহ শেষঃনিশ্বাস ত্যাগ করেন বলে তার একজন ঘনিষ্ঠ আত্মীয় জানিয়েছেন। ৬৭ বছর বয়সী এই শিল্পী বার্ধক্যজনিত জটিলতায় ভুগছিলেন।

    তার ননদ নাহার আবেদ বিডিনিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর ডটকমকে বলেন, “রাতে প্রচণ্ড শ্বাসকষ্টে ভুগছিলেন ভাবী। আমাদের বড় ভাই ডা. এনায়েত উল্লাহ বাসায় এসে দেখেন উনি মারা গেছেন।”

    শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহর স্বামী অবসরপ্রাপ্ত মেজর আবুল বাশার রহমত উল্লাহ এখন ব্যবসা করেন। তাদের এক ছেলে ও এক মেয়ে রয়েছে। মেয়ে নাহিদ রহমত উল্লাহ থাকেন লন্ডনে, আর ছেলে এ কে এম সায়েফ রহমত উল্লাহ যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের একটি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে এমবিএ করে কানাডায় বসবাস করছেন।

    নাহার আবেদ জানান, রোববার জোহরের পর বারিধারার পার্ক মসজিদে শিল্পীর জানাজা হবে। পরে বনানীর সামরিক কবরস্থানে তাকে দাফন করা হবে।

    শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহর মৃত্যুর খবর শুনে তার বাসায় ছুটে যান গীতিকার কবির বকুল, কণ্ঠশিল্পী তপন চৌধুরী, ফুয়াদ নাসের বাবু, দিনাত জাহান মুন্নি, শফিক তুহিনসহ অনেকেই।

    কবির বকুল বিডিনিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর ডটকমকে বলেন, উনি সুস্থই ছিলেন। ছিলেন গানের সঙ্গেই।

    ২৬ মার্চ স্বাধীনতা দিবসের একটি অনুষ্ঠানে তার গান গাওয়ার প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছিলেন সংগীতশিল্পী দিনাত জাহান মুন্নি।

    কবির বকুল বলেন, “২৬ মার্চের অনুষ্ঠানে আমার স্ত্রীর তার গানগুলো গাইবার কথা ছিল। তাই তাকে নিজের বাসায় ডেকে নিয়ে গানগুলো তুলে দিয়েছিলেন। সুস্থ-স্বাভাবিকই ছিলেন।”

    শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহর জন্ম ১৯৫২ সালের ২ জানুয়ারি, ঢাকায়। তার বাবা এম ফজলুল হক, মা আসিয়া হক। মায়ের কাছেই শাহনাজের গানের হাতেখড়ি। পরিবারের সবার কাছে তিনি ছিলেন আদরের শাহীন। ছোটবেলা থেকেই শিল্পী হিসেবে পরিচিতি পান তিনি।

    তার ভাই প্রয়াত আনোয়ার পারভেজ ছিলেন প্রখ্যাত সুরকার ও সঙ্গীত পরিচালক। আরেক ভাই জাফর ইকবাল ছিলেন জনপ্রিয় নায়ক।

    একুশে পদক ও জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কারজয়ী শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহর গানের শুরু স্কুল জীবন থেকেই। মাত্র ১১ বছর বয়সে ১৯৬৩ সালে ‘নতুন সুর’ চলচ্চিত্রে প্লে-ব্যাক করেন। এরপর বহু চলচ্চিত্রের গানে কণ্ঠ দিয়েছেন তিনি। টেলিভিশনে গাইতে শুরু করেন ১৯৬৪ সাল থেকে। সত্তরের দশকে অনেক উর্দু গীত ও গজল গেয়েছেন শাহনাজ।

    বরেণ্য এ শিল্পী উচ্চাঙ্গ সঙ্গীতে তালিম নেন ওস্তাদ ফুল মোহাম্মদের কাছে। এরপর ওস্তাদ মনির হোসেন, গজল সম্রাট মেহেদী হাসান, শহীদ আলতাফ মাহমুদের কাছেও গানে তালিম নেন তিনি।

    ২০০৫ সালে বিবিসির জরিপে সর্বকালের সেরা ২০টি বাংলা গানের তালিকায় শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহর গাওয়া চারটি গান স্থান পায়। এর মধ্যে আনোয়ার পারভেজের সুর করা দুটি গান, খান আতাউর রহমান ও আবদুল লতিফের সুরে দুটি গান রয়েছে।

    ৫০ বছরের সঙ্গীত জীবনে শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহর চারটি অ্যালবাম প্রকাশিত হয়। সঙ্গীতে অবদানের জন্য একুশে পদক ও জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার ছাড়াও বাংলাদেশ শিল্পকলা একাডেমি পুরস্কার, বাচসাস পুরস্কারসহ অনেক সম্মাননায় ভূষিত হয়েছেন তিনি।

    বিভিন্ন দেশাত্মবোধক গানের পাশাপাশি তার গাওয়া ‘যে ছিল দৃষ্টির সীমানায়’, ‘সাগরের তীর থেকে’, ‘খোলা জানালা’, ‘পারি না ভুলে যেতে’সহ অনেক গানই এখনও ঘুরে ফেরে বাঙালির মুখে মুখে।

    কিছু দিন গান গাওয়া থেকে বিরত ছিলেন শাহনাজ রহমত উল্লাহ। ধর্ম-কর্মে মনোনিবেশ করেছিলেন তিনি।

    ২০১৭ সালের ডিসেম্বরে বিডিনিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর ডটকমকে দেওয়া এক সাক্ষাৎকারে তিনি বলেছিলেন, “ওমরাহ করে আসার পরদিন থেকেই আর গান করতে ইচ্ছা করেনি। তখন আমি নামাজ পড়া শুরু করেছিলাম। এখন নামাজ পড়েই সময় কাটছে।”

  13. মাসুদ করিম - ২৪ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৫:১৭ অপরাহ্ণ)

    World’s 3rd oldest tree ‘Cypress of Abarkuh’ in Yazd became 4500 years old

    Iran is home to the world’s third longest-living tree still standing today. ‘Cypress of Abarkuh’ or ‘Sarv-e Abarkuh’, located in Abarkouh city of Yazd province has just become 4,500 years old. The tree is the world’s third oldest after a Great Basin bristlecone pine (5,062 years old) and Methuselah (4,845 years old), both of which from the same species ‘Pinus longaeva’ and living in California’s White Mountains.

    Cypress has an ancient, deep-rooted tie with the Iranian history, and is spotted in many symbols and old Persian poetry. Yet, the Cypress of Abarkuh is a special case all on its own.

    The tree is Iran’s oldest living heritage, standing at 25-28 meters high and with a width of 11.5 meters at its trunk and 18 meters higher up around its branches.

    Researchers from Japan and Russia first estimated the tree’s lifespan as old as 8,000 years. Later, Russian scientist Alexander Rouf estimated its age at between 4,000 and 4,500 years old, which placed it as the oldest tree in Asia.

    Cypress of Abarkuh, while protected by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran as the country’s third national heritage in 2007, is sadly still waiting for a UNESCO inscription.

    For something as ancient as this, it is only natural to be shrouded in mysteries and legends. Some legends attribute the tree’s origin to Japheth, the son of Noah, while others believe Zoroaster, the ancient Iranian prophet and spiritual leader, had planted it. In some myths, the tree has been described to have a soul that keeps it standing throughout the centuries.

    Mythologies aside, the tree’s longevity has been credited to favorable natural conditions of its location. Nowadays, though, with the expansion of cities and tourist and car traffics, the tree’s natural habitat seems to be in a greater need to be protected. The Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Yazd has taken some measures, such as killing pests and enclosing the tree with fences, in a bid to ensure that the ancient tree would continue to live for many more years to come.

    Abarkuh, meanwhile, is the oldest city in Yazd, with many beautiful historical monuments and tourist attractions. The city is home to four adobe ice houses’which date back to Qajar dynasty. The ice houses (Yakhchal) are ancient buildings made of adobe and mud that were used to store ice and food throughout the year, commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator.

    Gonbad-e Ali is another wonderful spot for sight-seeing. It is an octagonal funerary tower made of stone, dating back to the Dylamlyan period in fifth century AD, and considered as a fine example of Iranian historical architecture.

    You can also see one of the finest examples of windcatchers in the world in Abarkuh, located at Aghazadeh Mansion. It is 18 meters high and covers an area of 18 square meters. The mansion has three different sections based on the weather conditions in various seasons. It features a cross-shaped northern room facing a central courtyard with a large stone pool in the middle. Pick up a 20,000 rial bill and look at the building portrayed on it. It is the façade of the mansion that has been adorning the banknote since 2015.

    While in Abarkuh, take a trip to the center of the city to visit its grand mosque. The Jameh Mosque of Abarku belongs to the Timurid Empire period, and is made of adobe. It is a four-ivan structure with a rectangular courtyard in the middle. The entrance to the mosque opens to the north and runs through the courtyard by a wide octagonal atrium.

  14. মাসুদ করিম - ৩১ মার্চ ২০১৯ (২:২৭ পূর্বাহ্ণ)

    Facebook to consider live video restrictions

    https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/sci-tech/facebook-to-consider-live-video-restrictions-1553954052

    Facebook has promised to explore restrictions on live-streaming, two weeks after it was used during gun attacks on two mosques in New Zealand.

    Chief operating officer Sheryl Sandberg said the social media giant agreed with calls it “must do more”.

    Fifty people were killed in the Christchurch shootings, and the original video of the attack was viewed 4,000 times before it was removed, reports BBC.

    Meanwhile, New Zealand is to review “inadequate” laws on hate speech.

    Justice Minister Andrew Little said the current laws did not tackle “the evil and hateful things that we’re seeing online”, and that the government and the Human Rights Commission would work to bring forward proposals by the end of the year.

    More than 20,000 people attended a memorial service in Christchurch on Friday to honour the 50 victims of the 15 March shooting.

    Of the dozens injured, 21 people remain in hospital, three of them in intensive care.

    What does Facebook say?

    “All of us at Facebook stand with the victims, their families, the Muslim community, and all of New Zealand,” Ms Sandberg wrote in her letter to the New Zealand Herald.

    “Many of you have also rightly questioned how online platforms such as Facebook were used to circulate horrific videos of the attack… We have heard feedback that we must do more – and we agree.”

    Ms Sandberg said: “First, we are exploring restrictions on who can go Live depending on factors such as prior Community Standard violations.”

    Facebook said fewer than 200 people had watched the 17-minute video of the Christchurch shootings while it was live, and the first user report of the video came 12 minutes after it ended.

    Social media sites struggled to contain the attack video, which was copied onto the alt-right file-sharing site 8chan and then spawned 1.5 million copies.

    The chief operating officer did not announce any policy changes, but outlined how the social network would strengthen the rules for using Facebook Live and take greater steps to address hate on its platforms.

    The company has said it will block “praise, support and representation of white nationalism and separatism” on Facebook and Instagram from next week.

    Facebook has been heavily criticised within New Zealand in the wake of the attack over its lack of response to officials.

    The country’s privacy commissioner wrote “your silence is an insult to our grief” to Facebook executives last week, according to the Herald.

    Facebook has said it is working with the New Zealand Police on its investigation.

  15. মাসুদ করিম - ৩১ মার্চ ২০১৯ (৫:৪৮ পূর্বাহ্ণ)

    সা ক্ষা ৎ কা র
    কৃত্রিমভাবে খেলাপি ঋণ কম দেখালে ব্যাংক দুর্বল হবে : তৌফিক আহমদ চৌধূরী
    https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-taka-ana-pai/article/19036055/কৃত্রিমভাবে-খেলাপি-ঋণ-কম-দেখালে-ব্যাংক-দুর্বল-হবে

    বাংলাদেশ ইনস্টিটিউট অব ব্যাংক ম্যানেজমেন্টের (বিআইবিএম) সদ্য সাবেক মহাপরিচালক তৌফিক আহমদ চৌধূরী। ১৯৮১ সালে তিনি শিক্ষক হিসেবে যোগ দেন বিআইবিএমে। ৩৮ বছরের অভিজ্ঞতার আলোকে ব্যাংক খাতের সংকট নিয়ে সমকালের সঙ্গে কথা বলেছেন। সাক্ষাৎকার নিয়েছেন আনোয়ার ইব্রাহীম

    সমকাল :অর্থমন্ত্রীর সার্বিক কার্যক্রম দেখে মনে হচ্ছে, ব্যাংক খাতের সংকট দূর করাকে প্রধান লক্ষ্য নির্ধারণ করেছেন তিনি। আপনার কী মনে হয়?

    তৌফিক আহমদ :আমারও তাই মনে হয়। অবশ্য দায়িত্ব নেওয়ার পর শুরুতে তিনি ভালো ভালো কথা বলেছিলেন, যা আশা জাগিয়েছিল। কিন্তু দিন যত গড়াচ্ছে, দেখছি তিনি এ খাতের সমস্যার কাগুজে সমাধানের পথে হাঁটছেন। এমনটা মনে হওয়ার কারণ, তিনি খেলাপি ঋণ আদায় নয়, কী প্রক্রিয়ায় খেলাপি ঋণ কম দেখানো যায়, সেদিকেই মনোযোগ দিচ্ছেন বেশি।

    সমকাল :অর্থমন্ত্রী তো বলেছেন, তিনি খেলাপি ঋণ আর এক টাকাও বাড়তে দেবেন না।

    তৌফিক আহমদ :বুঝলাম, খেলাপি ঋণ বাড়বে না; কিন্তু কী করে তা হবে? ঋণ আদায় করে, না-কি কাগজে-কলমে? যেসব পরিকল্পনার কথা শুনছি, তা দেখে একেবারেই মনে হয় না, প্রকৃত অর্থে খেলাপি ঋণ কমবে। অর্থমন্ত্রী বলছেন, ঋণ খেলাপিরা ১০ শতাংশের পরিবর্তে মাত্র ২ শতাংশ ডাউন-পেমেন্ট দিয়ে ঋণ পুনঃতফসিল করতে পারবেন। আবার আগে সুদহার যাই থাকুক না কেন, নতুন সুদহার হবে ৭ শতাংশ এবং ১২ বছরে পরিশোধের সুযোগ মিলবে; কিন্তু আমাদের অতীত অভিজ্ঞতা ভালো নয়। এর আগেও খেলাপিদের বহুবার পুনঃতফসিলের সুযোগ দেওয়া হয়েছিল, কাজ হয়নি। এখন হবে, তার নিশ্চয়তা কী? হয়তো কেবল সাময়িক এবং কৃত্রিমভাবে খেলাপি ঋণের পরিমাণ কমা দেখানো যাবে। পুনঃতফসিলের মেয়াদ শেষে এসব ঋণ আবারও খেলাপি হবে, তখন খেলাপির অঙ্ক বেড়ে যাবে।

    এ ছাড়া সরকারের এমন নীতির কারণে যারা ভালো ঋণগ্রহীতা তারাও খেলাপি হতে উৎসাহী হবেন। কারণ তারা দেখছেন, নিয়মিত ঋণ শোধ করেও ১০ শতাংশের বেশি সুদ দিতে হচ্ছে। ফলে তিনি খেলাপি হয়ে ৭ শতাংশ সুদহারের সুবিধা নিতে চেষ্টা করবেন। এমন পরিকল্পনায় খেলাপি কমবে না, উল্টো বেড়ে যাওয়ার আশঙ্কা আছে।

    সমকাল :সরকারি ব্যাংকগুলোর ঋণ অবলোপনে বিশেষ নীতিমালা শিথিল করেছে বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক। এমনকি ব্যাংকগুলো যাতে অবলোপনে উৎসাহী হয়, সেজন্য অপেক্ষাকৃত কম প্রভিশনিং রাখারও সুযোগ আছে। আপনার পর্যবেক্ষণ কী?

    তৌফিক আহমদ :এরও উদ্দেশ্য একটাই, খেলাপি ঋণের পরিমাণ কৃত্রিমভাবে কমানো। ব্যাংকগুলো এ সুযোগ নেবে। কারণ কম প্রভিশনিং করতে হলে মুনাফার অঙ্ক বেড়ে যাবে। আদতে ব্যাংকগুলোর আর্থিক ভিত্তি আরও দুর্বল হবে। তাছাড়া কেউ কেউ মনে করছেন, কাগজে-কলমে খেলাপি কমবে বলে পত্রিকাগুলো সংখ্যাটা কম লিখবে। এটাকেই সাফল্য হবে বলে মনে করছেন। কিন্তু আমরা তো এখনও দেখছি, কিছু পত্রিকা খেলাপি অঙ্কের পাশাপাশি অবলোপন করা ঋণের অঙ্কটাও যোগ করে লিখতে শুরু করেছে। ফলে যে উদ্দেশ্যে এত পরিকল্পনা, সেটাই ভেস্তে যাবে বলে মনে হচ্ছে।

    সমকাল :খেলাপি ঋণ আদায়ে সম্পদ ব্যবস্থাপক কোম্পানি গঠনের কথা এসেছে। এটি আসলে কী?

    তৌফিক আহমদ :এটা খেলাপি ঋণ আদায়ের একটা ভালো ব্যবস্থা। বিশ্বের বহু দেশে এ ব্যবস্থা আছে। সাবেক গভর্নর ফরাসউদ্দিন আহমেদ দায়িত্বে থাকাকালে এমন একটি কোম্পানি গঠনের কাজ প্রায় করেই ফেলেছিলেন; কিন্তু সরকার পরিবর্তনের কারণে ওই সময় আলোর মুখ দেখেনি। বিষয়টি হলো- কোনো ব্যাংক যখন কোনো ঋণ আদায়ে পুরোপুরি ব্যর্থ হয়, তখন ঋণটি একটি সম্পদ ব্যবস্থাপক কোম্পানির কাছে অপেক্ষাকৃত কম দামে বিক্রি করে দেয়। যেমন ১০০ টাকার কোনো ঋণে ব্যাংকের আসল যদি ৫০ টাকা হয়, ব্যাংকটি হয়তো ৬০-৭০ টাকায় ঋণটি বিক্রি করে দিল। সম্পদ ব্যবস্থাপনা কোম্পানিটি ওই ঋণ আদায় করবে। এক্ষেত্রে ১০০ টাকাও আদায় হতে পারে, বা এর কমও হতে পারে।

    সমকাল :এ প্রতিষ্ঠান যে ঋণ আদায় করতে পারবে, তারই নিশ্চয়তা কী?

    তৌফিক আহমদ :এ ধরনের কোম্পানি এককভাবে সরকারের বা বেসরকারি বা যৌথ উদ্যোগেই প্রতিষ্ঠা হতে পারে। এর মূলধনের পরিমাণ ব্যাংকের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি হয়। বাংলাদেশের মতো দেশে এমন প্রতিষ্ঠান করা সহজ নয়। তাছাড়া এমন কোম্পানিকে ঋণ আদায়ে বড় ধরনের আইনি ক্ষমতা দিতে হবে। এ জন্য নতুন ও কঠোর আইন করতে হবে।

    সমকাল :কিন্তু ব্যাংক খাতের যেসব সমস্যা নিয়ে অর্থ মন্ত্রণালয় নানা উদ্যোগ নিচ্ছে। এসব কাজ অর্থ মন্ত্রণালয় নিজের ঘাড়ে নিলে কেন্দ্রীয় ব্যাংকের ভূমিকা কী?

    তৌফিক আহমদ :আর্থিক খাতের শৃঙ্খলা রক্ষার দায়িত্ব একমাত্র বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংকের। এক্ষেত্রে যদি নীতি সংশোধন করতে হয় বা পদক্ষেপ নিতে হয়, তা তারই করার কথা। এ সংস্থার দক্ষতা বা যোগ্যতা বা অন্য কোথাও ঘাটতি থাকলে সরকারের উচিত ওই ঘাটতি পূরণে সহায়তা করা। কেন্দ্রীয় ব্যাংকের কাজে সরকারের হস্তক্ষেপ করা উচিত নয়। কেন্দ্রীয় ব্যাংকের উচিত সরকারকে বিষয়টি বুঝিয়ে বলা।

    সমকাল :ঋণ খেলাপি সংস্কৃতি বন্ধে কী পদক্ষেপ নেওয়া উচিত বলে আপনার মনে হয়?

    তৌফিক আহমদ :খেলাপি ঋণ বাড়ার জন্য সুশাসনের অভাবই প্রধান কারণ। খেলাপি সংস্কৃতি থেকে বের হতে প্রথমত, যে কোনো মূল্যেই হোক এ খাতে সুশাসন ফিরিয়ে আনতে হবে। দায়ীদের বিরুদ্ধে কঠোর আইনি ব্যবস্থা নিতে হবে। মুখ দেখে ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া বা না নেওয়ার প্রথা বন্ধ করতে হবে। দ্বিতীয়ত, বর্তমানের ‘হ-য-ব-র-ল’ ব্যবস্থার অবসায়ন করতে হবে। যার যা কাজ, তাকে তা করতে দিতে হবে। বিশেষত কেন্দ্রীয় ব্যাংককে স্বাধীনভাবে কাজ করতে দিতে হবে। খেলাপির ক্ষেত্রে সরকারি বা বেসরকারি ব্যাংকের বিষয়ে আলাদা নীতি না করে এক করে দেখতে হবে। সরকারকে এক্ষেত্রে সহায়ক ভূমিকা নিতে হবে। বিশ্বের সব দেশে ব্যাংকের অর্থায়ন শুধু স্বল্প মেয়াদের জন্য হয়। দীর্ঘমেয়াদি অর্থায়ন হয় পুঁজিবাজার থেকে। আমাদেরও সে পথে যেতে হবে।

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